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On this day in 1882, Harper’s Weekly featured the above cartoon. I think I’ll try to write something about Chinese exclusion later this spring (May 6, right?). Or maybe Eric will. For now, though, I’ll say this: despite having spent much of my professional life thinking about the history of race relations in the United States, it was only after moving west that I began reading about the mistreatment of Asian immigrants late in the nineteenth century. Honestly, I have no idea what accounted for this blind spot in my understanding of the past. Was it because I went to graduate school to study Indians and later ended up writing about New Orleans? Or because I got my PhD back east? Or because I’m ignorant? Or some combination of the preceding three? Again, I don’t know. Regardless, cartoons like this one never made much of an impression on me until relatively recently. And that makes me uncomfortable for all kinds of reasons, not least because it suggests that there might be other huge gaps in my already rather uncertain grasp of history.
If you click this link, you’ll be transported to a remarkable world. Well, not really. But you will find a pretty decent explanation of the above cartoon. I hope that’s good enough for you. If not, you might want to consider starting your own blog. (I have to say, it’s pretty easy.) Because the link’s the best I can do right now.
35 comments
March 11, 2008 at 10:09 pm
eric
it was only after moving west that I began reading about the mistreatment of Asian immigrants
Racist.
And yeah, I’ll do Chinese Exclusion. Put it on the list, willya, Oz?
March 11, 2008 at 10:12 pm
teofilo
For the sake of those too lazy to click the link, I’ll just note that this is a pro-Chinese cartoon.
March 11, 2008 at 10:22 pm
eric
Although really, much more interesting than the 1882 act is the 1892 act, or Geary Act, which was May 5. So we can do that one day, then travel back in time the next day….
March 11, 2008 at 10:24 pm
ari
It’s as pro-Chinese as you’re likely to find for the period. But yes, the ambiguity was the point, Teo, particualrly the stuff about the corrosive impact of dime novels. It’s a pretty weird cartoon. Or, more accurately, it’s an anxious cultural context that produces a cartoon like this one: ostensibly pro-Chinese, but utterly steeped in racist tropes.
March 11, 2008 at 10:25 pm
Vance Maverick
Or to expand on teo’s point, this cartoon takes a (bogus, patronizing) “Chinese” point of view to show “native” Americans as barbaric. If this is pro-Chinese, then Heart of Darkness is pro-African.
March 11, 2008 at 10:28 pm
Vance Maverick
OK, it’s pro-Chinese in the sense that it takes for granted that the Chinese are fully human. Small mercies!
March 11, 2008 at 11:53 pm
bitchphd
That’s interesting, that the anti-Chinese-American racist stuff just wasn’t on your radar.
Speaking of, in Target just yesterday I overheard a (white) woman talking to her husband about a bamboo steamer in the most godawful ching-chongy fake accent. I think she caught my incredulous look even though I actually tried to hurry out of that aisle as quickly as I could.
March 12, 2008 at 4:43 am
CharleyCarp
One can’t really be surprised by the depth of anyone’s historical ignorance — given the state of education and the culture, one should rather be surprised to meet anyone who knows anything at all. I was going to note that my college-educated parents — Middlebury early 50s — had not really heard of the Japanese internment until we moved to California in 1971, but that’s really too common to consider significant. And it’s not just Eastern ignorance of the West. When I moved to DC from Montana 20 years ago, law school classmates — those who didn’t ask if it wasn’t right by Iowa — were certain that it was solidly Republican and had always been so. Pat Williams, Mike Mansfield, ‘Bolshevik Burt’ Wheeler, Butte; nothing of the real history had penetrated, or really even been made available.
There are just way too many details, many of them significant to something today, for anyone but the geek to even scratch the surface. So most people just throw up their hands, learn as little as will get them out of high school, and then just assume a narrative that makes sense.
[An optimistic note for fellow geeks: when I was first getting to know my wife, one thing that separated me from other hopeful swains was my reaction to finding out where she was from. Many Berkeley undergrads apparently had trouble distinguishing between East and West Germany, but hearing she was from the Saarland, I talked about Versailles.]
March 12, 2008 at 4:58 am
CharleyCarp
I do have a West Coast historical question I’ve wondered about, but not enough to actually look it up. More than a decade ago, I had a string of unrelated cases each of which was controlled by the Act of March 3, 1851 or the litigation arising from the implementation of that Act. (That’s the one at 9 Stat. 631). The timing of the Act is curious, and I’ve wondered whether and to what extent the relationship between Fremont and Fillmore affected either its content or timing.
March 12, 2008 at 6:19 am
Sandie
Yeah, Ari, it’s your Midwest and East Coast upbringing. In my elementary school in Southern California we learned all about the internment and “Gentlemen’s Agreements” and all that. I actually grew up in a neighborhood that was mostly Japanese/Japanese-American, and so the parents of some of my classmates came in and told us about their experiences living in the internment camps. When I later moved to the very white (at the time) Irvine, I was still taught about Asian-American relations in high school. And, of course, you get taught some about Mexican-American experiences. Funny, though, I learned almost next-to-nothing about American Indians. It took getting a job in the Great Plains to learn about any of that!
March 12, 2008 at 6:37 am
ari
Sandie, you’re making me wonder if anybody has ever done a study of regional variation in history education. Google isn’t delivering much, I’m afraid. Damn you, Sergey.
And Charlie, I’m a bit jealous; my wife is deeply bored by history. She’s tolerant, mind you, but views my interest in the past as a foible not an attractive trait. On the other hand, she thinks my Furby collection is the bomb.
March 12, 2008 at 6:41 am
eric
Ari, you can always look at various states’ history standards.
I still blame your deep and abiding racism for your lack of interest in this subject, though.
March 12, 2008 at 6:49 am
Adam
I point to an East coast bias too! I didn’t know much, if anything really, about it until I began teaching it out here in Washington State. The first year, my reactions in front of the class were pretty genuine as I was learning about it too.
March 12, 2008 at 7:16 am
Megan
I think I’ve said elsewhere how baffled I was to find out that in the rest of America, racism is primarily black and white. Growing up in LA, I always thought racism was intra-Asian Am, then about hispanics and black people, but not more or less than the other groups.
Yeah. We learned all about the waves of Pacific immigration and the Exclusion Act. We learned about Japanese internment in junior high.
My ex-boyfriend would never hold my hand when we drove past Watsonville, because we’d read that a Fil-Am farmworker had been lynched there for dating a white woman a hundred years ago. He was being careful.
March 12, 2008 at 7:34 am
ari
Yeah, I did see the history standards. But I was thinking more a study of popular and public school history, factoring in regional variation. As for my racism, you needn’t belabor the point, whitey.
March 12, 2008 at 7:36 am
eric
I prefer honkey, myself.
March 12, 2008 at 7:36 am
Psyche
I also grew up in Southern California and learned about the Chinese-American immigrant experience in the context of the Gold Rush and building of the transcontinential railroad. Fourth grade, I think, was the year we studied the history of California.
But what amazes me is if you go to websites like (and I refuse to link to it) Vdare, or the comments section of this post by Will Wilkinson, (warning: seriously racist trolls there) you’ll see people asserting that Asian-Americans in essence, don’t really count as minorities, unlike, of course, Latinos who are nothing like whites, will never be assimilated, and are part of a culture that is completely alien to all the values that built America, etc. etc. etc.
And this entire history of exclusion, persecution, prejudice, and finally assimilation is just poof! completely elided in favor of a few half-baked ideas on genetic racial differences.
March 12, 2008 at 7:40 am
ari
You think I care what you prefer, cracker? (Note: This comment is directed at the cracker, aka whitey, not at Psyche.)
March 12, 2008 at 9:41 am
teofilo
The regional variation is indeed interesting. We learned a bit about the Asian-American experience; I remember learning about the Exclusion Act specifically in high school, and there was other stuff too. Not in great depth, and certainly not as much as it sounds like people in California got. We had tons of Hispanic and Native American history, of course.
March 12, 2008 at 9:55 am
eric
the cracker, aka whitey
The regional variation is indeed interesting
In fourth grade we learned about Narváez and orange crop culture and also practiced singing “Old Folks at Home.”
March 12, 2008 at 9:58 am
teofilo
Anything about Asians?
March 12, 2008 at 10:03 am
Megan
Eric, how come I think you’re British or something? Maybe ’cause east of the Rockies might as well be British.
March 12, 2008 at 10:40 am
SEK
It’s got to be the regional standards, doesn’t it? I mean, in my high school — not a bastion of intellection, mind you — but at one of the lowest-ranked high schools in the second lowest-rank educational system in the country, “history” was divided up into four sections:
And they were taught in that order. But when you spend a year on US History, you’re basically just memorizing the President’s names and the dates of major military conflicts. (World history was an even bigger joke on this account.) But I have a fairly sound background in Louisiana history, because there’s more time to cover less material. (I know, not really “less,” just compared to what’s required to pass exit exams about American history.)
In short, had you been raised in California, you’d be less racist than Eric.
March 12, 2008 at 11:09 am
charlieford
I don’t think I read about Chinese exclusion etc. till graduate school, and even then it was in research I was doing for a paper. It now figures prominently in my lectures, as I use it to illustrate the way restrictive measures begin by targeting “obvious outsiders” no one cares about, or who seem “obviously” unassimalable or un-American, and then move inward.
March 12, 2008 at 11:28 am
Vance Maverick
My experience in LA was like Psyche’s, suggesting perhaps that we’re of similar ages — this was the 1970s.
I remember a confrontation between two of my high school classmates, one Jewish, one Chinese. (-American.) I don’t remember if the beef was racial/ethnic to begin with, but to defuse it, they agreed that each would mock his own ethnic stereotype instead. The Chinese kid said “No tickee, no shirtee”. Since I’ve never heard an accent that actually sounded like this (certainly Kenny’s parents didn’t talk that way), I figure it must have been a survival from the period of the Harper’s cartoon Ari links.
March 12, 2008 at 3:52 pm
CharleyCarp
Ari, don’t be jealous. What was a cute distinguishing attribute in an initial conversation has long since become an extremely tiresome burden. People in my household tiptoe around hoping to avoid setting off some kind of bloviation. (The internet — my little blog and others — serves the essential purpose of letting other people be the object of these lectures.)
March 12, 2008 at 4:01 pm
CharleyCarp
I went to elementary school in Texas, and so I learned history the right way: Before the Alamo, all was prelude. After the Alamo, all but pale reflection. (Especially pale: the whole episode around that silly flag with the bear on it).
March 12, 2008 at 7:40 pm
PigInZen
It’s odd, definitely, and this is a topic about which I have often thought. I grew up in the SF Bay Area and was steeped in the area’s melting pot and California history. It wasn’t until I stepped foot in Indiana that I realized just what everyday racism was – I distinctly remember stopping in a McDonald’s after landing at the airport and noticing that all the patrons were white and all the employees black. I had an odd feeling…
I’ve found that outside of major metropolitan areas (NY, Chicago) there really wasn’t much historical immigration from Asian countries. Hence there’s a great deal of ignorance here about Asian cultures and people. Heck, my wife’s relatives only just recently stopped referring to Asians as Oriental… And that was after we adopted twin girls of Chinese decent (oddly enough, a domestic adoption).
I firmly believe that racism is founded and perpetuated by ignorance and the active cultivation of ignorance. It doesn’t help that the vast majority of the country east of the Rockies and west of the Cumberland Gap (outside of Texas) has had little historical immigration or cultural mixing. Finally, my boys (yes, another set of twins) are in 3rd grade and I’m deeply interested in the history and social studies they are learning in school. Should only get more interesting.
March 12, 2008 at 8:06 pm
teofilo
I distinctly remember stopping in a McDonald’s after landing at the airport and noticing that all the patrons were white and all the employees black. I had an odd feeling…
My sister noticed this when she went to college in Maryland after growing up in New Mexico. She thinks of it as a southern thing, but it’s actually true of most of the northeast as well.
March 13, 2008 at 3:28 am
Daniel Buck
Published last year and worthy of note, DRIVEN OUT: THE FORGOTTEN WAR AGAINST CHINESE AMERICANS, Jean Pfaelzer (Random House, 2007). The book is rather too episodically constructed, but when it all sinks in it’s an appalling horror tale. History is not a pretty picture, as we keep being reminded.
Dan
March 15, 2008 at 2:19 am
Liekkiö (Lieckioe?)
I’m really looking forward to read anything on Chinese exclusion from you.
I’m not sure whether it’s relieving or depressing that the subject might be unfamiliar even among American historians. I know it’s not trivial, but from a Finnish point of view writing a MA thesis on racial discourse regarding the Chinese in California in the 19th century feels often a bit solitary. On the other hand I’ve found myself reading random books about American race relations in general and complaining about absence of the Chinese exclusion – complaints aren’t *always* just.
It’s also difficult for an outsider to see where East and West agree on things, and where they are opposed to each others. For example Andrew Gyory (Closing the Gates) seems to play down the Californians’ significance for the path leading to the Exclusion Act, while some others (Californian historians?) emphasize it.
Liekkiö
March 15, 2008 at 3:39 am
Buster
If you’re going to write about Chinese exclusion, it might be useful to think about it in broader terms than the “inclusion” of exclusion, or just filling in a blank spot.
I highly recommend Erika Lee’s At America’s Gates and Mae Ngai’s Impossible Subjects, if you haven’t looked at them already.
March 15, 2008 at 9:09 am
Liekkiö (Lieckioe?)
Thanks! I’m familiar with Lee’s book, and I believe I’ve seen a lot of referring to Ngai – I’d better read her too. Both geographical distance and not so surprising lack of interest among local scholars causes some academic delay: my list of bibliography has a bit too much emphasis on studies from 60’s and 70’s, (good and valid stuff, though). So thanks for tips, Buster and Buck!
March 15, 2008 at 10:49 am
bitchphd
the parents of some of my classmates came in and told us about their experiences living in the internment camps.
This, obviously, is key. In downtown Ventura there’s a shop that sells Chinese furniture and a few old pieces, and in the back there’s a small display case that has relics and explanations about the history of the local Chinese, which obviously constitutes a teaching opportunity when you’re in there with small children (or on your own).
I too had the experience, when moving eastward, of being made acutely uncomfortable by how *segregated* things were/are. There’s obviously segregation of a sort out here, too–Chinatowns, neighborhoods where store signs are in Spanish–but presumably b/c black/white segregation was actually the law in a lot of places within recent memory, it’s less marked (or maybe b/c I’m used to it, it seems less marked–after all, I’m pretty clear on where the white and brown neighborhoods in Ventura are).
I’m surprised, though, that Megan says she was shocked to find that racism in most of the US is black/white, rather than white/Asian. I knew that because the civil rights era was taught in school and because the legal consequences of it were still happening in the news. But it’s true I didn’t really get how it *felt* until I moved to St. Louis for college.
It’s also true that, to this day, I’m quite comfortable in Spanish-speaking neighborhoods, Asian neighborhoods, and around rural whites, but not so much in poor black neighborhoods–whereas my husband, who grew up in the south, is much more at ease in poor black and poor semi-rural white neighborhoods. Local familiarity makes a big difference.
March 15, 2008 at 12:01 pm
Buster
Liekkiö, I’m glad the tip was useful for you, though I intended it more for Ari in light of his mentioning that he might write more about exclusion later this Spring.
By the way, this thread is weird, from an Asian-American’s point of view. I don’t want to get snarky (really, I don’t), but it’s a little like white-people-sharing-time. I’m not criticizing. I’m just saying.